Consonants
Most frequent consonant systems
USPID
12 places of articulation
Combine dispersion and MUAF principles
Labial, coronal, and velar
/m/ vs. /n/
The Dispersion-Focalization theory of sound system
DT&DFT
The system is obtained by minimizing the sum of dipersion cost and local cost
The energy function of a given system
Explanation for a lesser role of higher formants in perceptual dispersion
Formant-based distance is replaced by an auditory spectral distance resulting in decreasing the ration between the [i]-[u]
Lower-frequency formants are better perceived than higher-frequency ones
Non-auditory argument from proprioception
Focalization plays a role in vowel perception
2008年6月19日 星期四
Part I：Theory and Background
Part I：Theory and Background
Methods in Phonology
Elicitation as Experimental Phonology：Thlantlang Lai Tonology
Introduction
Phonology has changed not just conceptually, but also in terms of methodology
Two sources for phonologists to acquire information
informant sessions
written sources
John Ohala argued for a more "experimental phonology"
Methods require more than deductive reasoning and a face-to-face analysis
Phonology="the intersection of phonetics and grammar"
Where have all the phonemes gone?
Two classes of phonomenon are clamined to be missing
word level phonology that is completely regular
phrase-level phonology that is not broad phonetics
Thlantlang Lai Tonology
The data from Thlantlang dialect of Lai in Chin State, Burma
A monosyllabic language
Falling tone (F), Rising tone (R), F/R tone
An alternation in Thlantlang dialect of Lai
Falling tone becomes rising tone after ká (my)
Find out the underlying forms:
F/R words are underlying /H/ H HL / __ pause
R words are underlying /L/ L LH / __ pause
Contour tones:
All non-final tones must be either H or L
All final tones must be either falling or rising
Lag-IO(L): An input L should extend onto the following syllable
JUMP (UP): L tone cannot jumps to H tone
Question raised
Why is /H/ realized LH after ká =my?
originally designated as F/R
H nouns are pronounced with any of surface tones
Historical aspect: /H/ nouns have a /LH/ allomorph after pronominal proclitics
Conclusions
A structure-first approach is a means of identifying issues
The phonological patterning can provide clues concerning phonetic mechanisms
Two other conclusions
Regular phonology exists
Elicitation is experimental phonology
informant work as experimental elicitation.
Findings
Tone rules have what phonologists used to call “psychological reality”
The experimental nature of elicitation should not be underestimated.
Decisions and Mechanisms in Exemplar-based Phonology
Introduction
Two perspectives to approach language
Structural perspective
Ecological perspective
Inspired by theories in biology and history
Exemplar-based theory—concerned with cognitive grounding of phonological knowledge
Account for generalizations of languages sound systems while incorporating phenomena such as historical drift and contextual variation in phonetic detail
What is Exemplar-Based phonology
The exemplar-based orientation to sensory memory
Has a long history in cognitive psychology
Can be used to account for recognition and categorization
Two general approaches to language sound systems
Generalization
Exemplar-based
Two Decisions
To choose a unit of representation
To represent the dimensions of exemplars
Two Mechanisms
Methods for calculating activation of exemplars in response to input and the spread of that activation in a network of exemplars
Similarity matching
Exemplar resonance mechanism
Permitting activation to spread through the set of exemplars via non-phonetic properties
Conclusions
The cognitive basis of phonological knowledge to better understand the ecology of language.
Also shown on Ohala’s work on the phonetic and historical basis of language sound patterns.
Main goals of the chapter
Base on the traditional research in cognitive phonology
General approach to phonological modeling
Outlines of the answers
Must be in exemplars-based
In linguistics memory are from smaller phonetic/phonological units
Representation must be rich with phonetic details
Beyond Laboratory Phonology：The Phonetics of Speech Communication
Three scientific revolutions in the study of language and the emergence of dualism in the study of the sounds of language
The positivist codification of “historical linguistics”
Descriptive phonetics
Experimental phonetics
The behaviorist codification of “structural linguistics”
Phonology
Phonetics
The mentalist codification of “generative linguistics”
Phonology was incorporated into the grammar
Two attempts to reconcile phonetics and phonology
Laboratory phonology
Phonology-going-into-the-lab
Bridges the phonetics-phonology schism
Experimental phonology
Phonology–coming-out-of-the-lab
Has the elucidation of speech communication as its goal
Subordinates all phonological categories and phonetic measurements to the relevance for communicative functions
Area Functions and Articulatory Modeling as a Tool for Investigating the Articulatory, Acoustic, and Perceptual Properties of Sounds across Languages
Background
The F-pattern
F-pattern: The filter function of the VT contains only resonance, labeled F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5.
Main gestures of those formants
Spectrograms of oral vowels and consonants
Spectrograms of stops, voiceless fricatives, voiced fricatives
Maeda’s Articulatory Model
Guided Principal Component Analysis of Midsagittal X-ray tracings
Tongue dorsum position, tongue shape, tongue apex position, lip aperture, lipper, and larynx height
The three different types of input used in the model: seven articulatory parameters, X-ray or Magnetic Resonance Imaging data, area fuction table
Methods in Phonology
Elicitation as Experimental Phonology：Thlantlang Lai Tonology
Introduction
Phonology has changed not just conceptually, but also in terms of methodology
Two sources for phonologists to acquire information
informant sessions
written sources
John Ohala argued for a more "experimental phonology"
Methods require more than deductive reasoning and a face-to-face analysis
Phonology="the intersection of phonetics and grammar"
Where have all the phonemes gone?
Two classes of phonomenon are clamined to be missing
word level phonology that is completely regular
phrase-level phonology that is not broad phonetics
Thlantlang Lai Tonology
The data from Thlantlang dialect of Lai in Chin State, Burma
A monosyllabic language
Falling tone (F), Rising tone (R), F/R tone
An alternation in Thlantlang dialect of Lai
Falling tone becomes rising tone after ká (my)
Find out the underlying forms:
F/R words are underlying /H/ H HL / __ pause
R words are underlying /L/ L LH / __ pause
Contour tones:
All non-final tones must be either H or L
All final tones must be either falling or rising
Lag-IO(L): An input L should extend onto the following syllable
JUMP (UP): L tone cannot jumps to H tone
Question raised
Why is /H/ realized LH after ká =my?
originally designated as F/R
H nouns are pronounced with any of surface tones
Historical aspect: /H/ nouns have a /LH/ allomorph after pronominal proclitics
Conclusions
A structure-first approach is a means of identifying issues
The phonological patterning can provide clues concerning phonetic mechanisms
Two other conclusions
Regular phonology exists
Elicitation is experimental phonology
informant work as experimental elicitation.
Findings
Tone rules have what phonologists used to call “psychological reality”
The experimental nature of elicitation should not be underestimated.
Decisions and Mechanisms in Exemplar-based Phonology
Introduction
Two perspectives to approach language
Structural perspective
Ecological perspective
Inspired by theories in biology and history
Exemplar-based theory—concerned with cognitive grounding of phonological knowledge
Account for generalizations of languages sound systems while incorporating phenomena such as historical drift and contextual variation in phonetic detail
What is Exemplar-Based phonology
The exemplar-based orientation to sensory memory
Has a long history in cognitive psychology
Can be used to account for recognition and categorization
Two general approaches to language sound systems
Generalization
Exemplar-based
Two Decisions
To choose a unit of representation
To represent the dimensions of exemplars
Two Mechanisms
Methods for calculating activation of exemplars in response to input and the spread of that activation in a network of exemplars
Similarity matching
Exemplar resonance mechanism
Permitting activation to spread through the set of exemplars via non-phonetic properties
Conclusions
The cognitive basis of phonological knowledge to better understand the ecology of language.
Also shown on Ohala’s work on the phonetic and historical basis of language sound patterns.
Main goals of the chapter
Base on the traditional research in cognitive phonology
General approach to phonological modeling
Outlines of the answers
Must be in exemplars-based
In linguistics memory are from smaller phonetic/phonological units
Representation must be rich with phonetic details
Beyond Laboratory Phonology：The Phonetics of Speech Communication
Three scientific revolutions in the study of language and the emergence of dualism in the study of the sounds of language
The positivist codification of “historical linguistics”
Descriptive phonetics
Experimental phonetics
The behaviorist codification of “structural linguistics”
Phonology
Phonetics
The mentalist codification of “generative linguistics”
Phonology was incorporated into the grammar
Two attempts to reconcile phonetics and phonology
Laboratory phonology
Phonology-going-into-the-lab
Bridges the phonetics-phonology schism
Experimental phonology
Phonology–coming-out-of-the-lab
Has the elucidation of speech communication as its goal
Subordinates all phonological categories and phonetic measurements to the relevance for communicative functions
Area Functions and Articulatory Modeling as a Tool for Investigating the Articulatory, Acoustic, and Perceptual Properties of Sounds across Languages
Background
The F-pattern
F-pattern: The filter function of the VT contains only resonance, labeled F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5.
Main gestures of those formants
Spectrograms of oral vowels and consonants
Spectrograms of stops, voiceless fricatives, voiced fricatives
Maeda’s Articulatory Model
Guided Principal Component Analysis of Midsagittal X-ray tracings
Tongue dorsum position, tongue shape, tongue apex position, lip aperture, lipper, and larynx height
The three different types of input used in the model: seven articulatory parameters, X-ray or Magnetic Resonance Imaging data, area fuction table
2008年6月12日 星期四
2008年6月5日 星期四
Functional Phonology
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